中国储能网讯：近几年来，电网中的发电形式出现发生了翻天覆地的变化。随着间歇性能源在发电中的占比不断提高，通过配置适量的储能装置，可以更好地平衡实时供需，使得电网具有功率可控性与可调度性。同时，电池储能的价值兑现即将到来，有了各种激励措施（例如补贴和降低税率等）以及参加电力公司响应计划而获得的额外收益，为企业提供了节能和创收的机会。
智能能源消耗、削减成本、韧性、节约资源、提高环境效率——这些都是电池储能系统（BESS）提供的好处之一。BESS的功率和储能容量范围广泛，从小型家用设备到用于公用事业和工业应用的大型系统不等。2020年，澳大利亚和德国的家庭分别安装了超过31,000和100,000个电池储能系统。如今，大型BESS已经在全球范围内运营，包括美国、澳大利亚、英国、日本、中国和许多其他国家。本文将回答有关电池储能技术的所有“为什么”和”如何“等问题，包括它是什么，为什么以及在哪里可以使用它。我们还将简要介绍“现货”和定制的BESS，并具体说明这两种解决方案的优点和缺点。
Smart energy consumption, cost-cutting, resilience, resource-saving, environmental efficiency—this is not a complete list of benefits offered by a battery energy storage system (BESS). With a wide range of power and storage capacity, BESSs vary from small-sized household devices to large-scale systems used for utilities and industrial applications. In 2020, over 31,000 and 100,000 battery energy storage systems were installed by Australian and German households respectively. Nowadays, large-scale BESSs have been operating all over the world, including the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, and many other countries. This article gives clear answers to all W and H questions about battery storage technology, including what it is, why, and where you can use it. We’ll also brief you on off-the-shelf and custom-made BESSs, specifying the strengths and weaknesses of both solutions.
了解BESS：BESS是什么以及它的工作原理
Looking Inside a BESS: What a BESS Is and How It Works
BESS是一种能量储存系统（ESS），它从不同的能源来源中捕获能量、积累这些能量，并将其存储在可充电电池中以备将来使用。如果需要，电化学能量从电池中放电并供应给家庭、电动汽车、工商业设施。
A BESS is an energy storage system (ESS) that captures energy from different sources, accumulates this energy, and stores it in rechargeable batteries for later use. Should the need arise, the electrochemical energy is discharged from the battery and supplied to homes, electric vehicles, industrial and commercial facilities.
一个BESS是一个复合系统，包括硬件和初高级软件。主要的BESS包括:
A BESS is a compound system comprising hardware components along with low-level and high-level software. The main BESS parts include:
电池系统：它包含将化学能转换为电能的单个电芯。电芯被排列在模块中，这些模块组成电池包。
A battery system：It contains individual battery cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. The cells are arranged in modules that, in their turn, form battery packs.
电池管理系统（BMS）：BMS用于确保电池系统的安全。它监视电池单元的状态，测量它们的参数和状态，例如荷电状态（SOC）和健康状态（SOH），并保护电池免受火灾和其他危害。
A battery management system (BMS)：A BMS ensures the safety of the battery system. It monitors the condition of battery cells, measures their parameters and states, such as state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH), and protects batteries from fires and other hazards.
逆变器或储能变流器（PCS）：将电池产生的直流（DC）转换为交流（AC），供设施使用。电池储能系统的逆变器允许能量的双向流通，即允许充电也可放电。
An inverter or a power conversion system (PCS)：This converts direct current (DC) produced by batteries into alternating current (AC) supplied to facilities. Battery energy storage systems have bi-directional inverters that allow for both charging and discharging.
能源管理系统（EMS）：负责监控和控制电池储能系统内的能量流动。EMS协调BMS，PCS和BESS的其他组件的工作。通过收集和分析能源数据，EMS可以高效地管理系统的多能接入。
An energy management system (EMS)：This is responsible for monitoring and control of the energy flow within a battery storage system. An EMS coordinates the work of a BMS, a PCS, and other components of a BESS. By collecting and analyzing energy data, an EMS can efficiently manage the power resources of the system.
根据其功能和操作条件，BESS还包括一系列安全系统，例如火灾控制系统，烟雾探测器，温度控制系统，冷却，加热，通风和空调系统。安全系统自身具有监控和控制单元，通过监视其参数并应对紧急情况，为BESS提供安全运行所需的条件。
Depending on its functionality and operating conditions, a BESS can also include a range of safety systems, such as a fire control system, a smoke detector, a temperature control system, cooling, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The safety systems have their own monitoring and control units that provide conditions necessary for the safe operation of a BESS by monitoring its parameters and responding to emergencies.
图1. 电池储能系统架构
Figure 1. Battery energy storage system architecture
除了电子电路，复杂的BESS还依赖于强大的软件解决方案。例如，最先进的系统使用机器学习算法来优化能源管理。需要在BMS软件开发中建立可靠的算法和数学模型，精确地预测电池状态和特性。
Apart from electronics, complex BESSs rely on robust software solutions. For example, state-of-the-art systems use machine learning algorithms to optimize energy management. Estimating battery states and characteristics with high accuracy requires reliable algorithms and mathematical models built within BMS software development.
总之，BESS从电网或可再生能源（如太阳能和风能）收集能量，并使用电池存储技术进行存储。在用电需求高峰、停电和其他各种应用场景中，在必要时通过电池放电来释放能量。
In sum, a BESS collects energy from an electricity grid or renewable power sources, such as solar and wind, and stores it using battery storage technology. Then, batteries discharge and release the energy when necessary—during peak demands, power outages, and in a variety of other applications.
BESS有不同类型的电池，包括锂离子电池、铅酸电池、镍镉电池等。我们将在本文稍后详细介绍各类电池。每种电池类型都有其特有的特性，这些特性会使BESS在特定场景下使用，同样会影响电池储能系统的效率。电池的主要特性包括：
BESSs can accommodate different batteries, including lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium batteries, and others—we’ll elaborate on them later in the article. Every battery type has certain technical specifications that designate BESS uses and affect the efficiency of battery energy storage. The principal battery characteristics embrace:
存储容量：这是电池存储的电荷量或BESS中可用的电量。
Storage capacity：This is the amount of electric charge stored by a battery or the amount of electricity available in a BESS.
功率：此参数确定电池提供的总功率或BESS可以提供的输出功率。
Power：This parameter determines the amount of power supplied by a battery or the output power that a BESS can provide.
转换效率：这显示了电池在放电期间输送的能量与在充电期间提供给电池的能量的比率。
Round-trip efficiency：This displays the ratio of energy delivered by a battery during discharge to the energy supplied to the battery during a charge cycle.
放电深度（DoD）：这显示了电池释放的能量相对于其总容量的百分比。
Depth of Discharge (DoD)：This shows the percentage of energy discharged from a battery relative to its total capacity.
寿命：定义为电池的充电和放电循环次数，或者电池在其寿命周期内可以提供的能量（电池吞吐量）。
Lifetime: This can be defined as the number of charge and discharge cycles of a battery or the amount of energy that a battery can supply during its lifetime (battery throughput).
安全：这是电池的一个重要特征，表明电池符合安全要求，例如，在电化学安全方面。
Safety：This is an important characteristic that shows the battery’s compliance with safety requirements, for example, in terms of the battery chemistry.
除了上述电池特性外，电池系统还有描述其性能的一些其他特性。例如，响应时间是BESS从空闲状态到开始满功率工作所需的时间。爬坡率是系统可以增加或减少其功率输出的速率，分别向上或向下倾斜。
In addition to the above battery specifications, storage battery systems have other characteristics that describe their performance. For example, response time is the time a BESS needs to move from the idle state and start working at full power. Ramp rate is the rate at which the system can increase or decrease its power output—ramp it up or down, respectively.
BESS类型和替代方案
BESS Types and Alternatives
BESS的分类因其使用的电化学或电池技术而异,让我们看看BESS电池的主要类型以及它们在电池储能解决方案中的机遇。
BESSs vary depending on the electrochemistry or battery technology they use. Let’s look at the main BESS battery types and opportunities they offer for battery storage solutions.
锂离子电池
Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries
根据美国能源信息署（EIA）2020年发布的报告，美国90%以上的大型电池储能系统由锂离子电池供电，目前全球整体统计数据也基本相同。这种可反复充放电的电池在电动汽车、消费电子产品和智能手机、笔记本电脑、平板电脑和相机等便携式设备中广受欢迎。锂离子电池化学物质包括锂钴氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂铁磷酸盐、锂镍锰钴氧化物（NMC）等。锂离子电池的诸多优点促使其成为领先的储能技术之一。预计到2026年，全球锂离子电池市场将翻一番，达到919亿美元。它重量轻、结构紧凑，具有高容量和高能量密度，维护成本低，使用寿命长。此外，锂离子电池还易于快速充电，且自放电率低。这种电池技术的缺点包括成本高、易燃、不耐极端温度、会过充和过放。
According to the 2020 report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), over 90% of a large-scale battery energy storage system in the USA were powered by lithium-ion batteries. The current global statistics are pretty much the same. This type of rechargeable battery is widely popular in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and portables, such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and cameras. Li-ion battery chemistries comprise lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), and others. The advantages of a Li-ion battery make it one of the leading technologies facilitating the storage of energy. The global lithium-ion battery market is projected to double by 2026, reaching $91.9 billion. It’s light and compact, has high capacity and energy density, low maintenance, and a long lifetime. In addition, lithium-ion batteries are easily and quickly charged and have a low self-discharge rate. The weak points of this battery technology include high cost, inflammability, and intolerance to extreme temperatures, over-charge, and over-discharge.
图2. 预计全球锂离子电池市场收入，来源：Statista
Figure 2. Projected global lithium-ion battery market revenue. Source: Statista
铅酸（PbA）电池
Lead-Acid (PbA) Batteries
铅酸电池是最早的电池技术之一，也是最便宜和最常见的解决方案，应用在汽车，工业应用及电力存储系统中。铅酸电池是高度可回收的，并且在高温和低温下都能有效运行。与其老式的淹没式铅酸（FLA）电池相比，密封式阀控铅酸（VRLA）电池更适合于电力储存解决方案，因为它具有更长的寿命，更高的容量和更易维护。而充电慢，重量大和能量密度低是这种电池技术的主要缺点。
A lead-acid battery is the oldest battery technology and is also one of the cheapest and most available solutions that find use in automotive and industrial applications as well as power storage systems. PbA batteries are highly recyclable and can operate effectively at both high and low temperatures. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are more suitable for power storage solutions than their older counterparts—flooded lead-acid batteries—as they have a longer lifetime, higher capacity, and easier maintenance. Slow charging, heavyweight, and low energy density are among the major drawbacks of this battery technology.
镍镉（Ni-Cd）电池
Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries
在锂离子电池进入市场前，镍镉电池在可穿戴电子设备市场上占主导地位。Ni-Cd电池有多种配置，它们价格便宜，易于运输和存储，并且很高的耐低温性。该技术在能量密度，自放电率和回收方面落后于其他与之竞争的电池。镍氢（Ni-MH）电池使用与Ni-Cd技术相同的组件--氢氧化镍（（NiO（OH））。然而，镍氢电池化学提供更好的特性，例如更高的容量和能量密度。
This battery type prevailed in the market of wearable electronics until Li-ion batteries entered the game. Ni-Cd batteries have many configurations, they are inexpensive, easy to ship and store, and highly resistant to low temperatures. The technology is behind its competitors in energy density, self-discharge rate, and recycling. Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries use the same component as Ni-Cd technology—nickel oxide hydroxide (NiO(OH)). However, the Ni-MH battery chemistry provides better characteristics, such as higher capacity and energy density.
钠硫（Na-S）电池
Sodium-Sulfur (Na-S) Batteries
钠硫电池是一种基于熔融盐的更具成本效益的技术。Na-S电池的优点包括高能量和功率密度，长寿命以及在极端环境条件下的稳定运行。然而，由于要在高温度下运行（不低于300℃）且对腐蚀非常敏感，这种电池技术的应用范围有限。此外，钠是一种危险的成分，具有高度易燃和爆炸性。钠硫电池非常适合与可再生能源相结合的独立储应用。
A sodium-sulfur battery is a cost-effective technology based on molten salt. The advantages of Na-S batteries involve high energy and power density, a long lifetime, and stable operation under extreme ambient conditions. Nevertheless, this battery technology has a limited application area because of high operating temperatures (not less than 300℃) and sensitivity to corrosion. In addition, sodium is a hazardous component that is highly flammable and explosive. Sodium-sulfur batteries are well-suited for standalone energy storage applications integrated with renewable power sources.
液流电池
Flow Batteries
与传统的可充电电池将能量存储在固态电极材料中不同，液流电池将能量存储在液态电解质溶液中。最常见的液流电池类型是全钒氧化还原电池（VRB）。其他类型包括锌-溴、锌-铁和铁-铬化学体系。尽管它们的能量容量和充放电速率较低，但液流电池具有几个重要优点，使它们在并网和离网运行的储能系统中占据了大量市场份额，包括大规模应用。优点包括极长的寿命（长达30年），高可扩展性，快速的响应时间和火灾风险低，因为液流电池含有不易燃的电解质。
Unlike conventional rechargeable batteries in which energy is stored in solid electrode material, flow batteries store energy in liquid electrolyte solutions. The most common flow battery type is the vanadium redox battery (VRB). The other types consist of zinc-bromine, zinc-iron,and iron-chromium chemistries. Despite their low energy capacity and low charge/discharge rate, flow batteries have several important advantages, allowing them to hold a large market share in on-grid and off-grid energy storage systems, including large-scale applications. These benefits involve an extremely long lifespan (up to 30 years), high scalability, fast response time, and a low risk of fires because flow batteries contain non-inflammable electrolytes.
图3. 用于储能的电池技术
Figure3. Battery technologies used for energy storage
2020年初，BESS约占全球储能容量的5％，远低于抽水蓄能。根据《财富商业洞察》（Fortune Business Insights）的数据，到2027年，电池储能市场规模预计达到197.4亿美元，年复合增长率（CAGR） 20.4％。鉴于电化学储能技术的可用性，效率和最新研发进展，预计其将成为未来几年储能技术的领导者。但是，其他可以与电池储能系统抗衡的替代技术，在某些应用中具备特殊优势。以下是主要与电池储能竞争的一些储能技术：
At the start of 2020, BESSs accounted for around 5% of the global energy storage capacity, significantly less than pumped-storage hydro. According to Fortune Business Insights, the battery energy storage market size is expected to reach $19.74 billion at 20.4% CAGR globally by 2027. Given the availability, efficiency, and latest advances in electrochemical storage technologies, a BESS is anticipated to be an energy storage leader in the years ahead. However, alternative solutions can go up against battery power storage systems, getting the upper hand in some applications. Here are the main BESS competitors:
抽水蓄能（PSH）：根据国际水电协会（IHA）估计，全球抽水蓄能可储存多达9,000 GWh的电力，占世界储能容量的94％以上。抽水蓄能原理是当水从高水位流向低水位时，通过旋转涡轮产生能量。这种储能技术可以以合理的价格提供广阔的储存容量，以满足更大型电网的需求。抽水蓄能最大的挑战在于它们建造周期长，需要数年，并需要巨额投资。
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH)： As estimated by the International Hydropower Association (IHA), PSH systems store up to 9,000 GWh of electricity globally, taking up over 94% of the world’s energy storage capacity. In PSH, energy is generated by water that spins turbines when flowing down from a higher tank to a lower reservoir. This ESS can offer vast storage capacity at a reasonable price, meeting the needs of larger electricity networks. The biggest challenge with pumped hydro storage systems is that building them takes years and this needs hefty investments.
压缩空气储能（CAES）：这种ESS类型利用能量将空气压缩并储存在地下储气库中。当需要时，释放的压缩空气通过旋转涡轮机产生电力。压缩空气储能系统在生产和采矿行业中得到有效应用。然而，对于某些应用场景，特别是住宅解决方案，实施这项技术可能会有问题。
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)：This type of ESS uses energy to compress and store air in an underground reservoir. When the need arises, the released air produces electricity by rotating air turbines. CAES systems are effectively used in production and mining industries. However, implementing this technology can be problematic for some applications, especially residential solutions.
飞轮储能（FES）：是一种将能量应用到飞轮上，使其高速旋转，产生旋转或动能并将其储存并在后期释放的技术。飞轮系统以其寿命长（长达数十年）、易于维护和响应时间快而著称。但它们只能在短时间内运行。
Flywheel energy storage (FES)：Applying energy to a flywheel increases its speed by far, generating rotational or kinetic energy which is stored and released later. FES systems are notable for their longevity (up to decades), easy maintenance, and fast response time. But they can only operate for short periods.
储热（TES）：是一种可以储存从各种来源收集热能的储能，包括水、岩石和熔融材料——盐、硅和铝。储热系统与可再生能源结合，在供暖和制冷应用中有广泛的应用潜力。
Thermal energy storage (TES)：This ESS type can store thermal energy collected from an array of sources, including water, rocks, and molten materials—salt, silicon, and aluminum. TES systems have the potential to be widely used with renewable energy sources in heating and cooling applications.
势能存储或机械重力储能：这种储能的理念是将重物，如混凝土块，提升高度并在需要释放能量时将其放下。目前这项技术还远未成熟，但一旦经过完善，它可能在储能市场具有潜在价值。
Potential energy storage or mechanical gravity energy storage: The idea behind this ESS is to elevate heavyweights, such as concrete blocks, and drop them down when energy needs to be released. The technology is far from mainstream as of yet, but it could be promising for the energy storage market once it’s well-tuned.
替代电池的储能技术已经问世数年。其中一些已经投入运行，而其他一些仍在研发中。但能够确定的是，所有这些技术都需要可靠的机器学习和人工智能解决方案。它将使操作更自动化，降低维护费用，并确保在最少的人力投入下平稳运行。
Alternative energy storage technologies have already been available for the past few years. Some of them are already up and running, while others are still in the works. The sure thing about all of them is the need for reliable machine learning and artificial intelligence solutions. These would automate operations, reduce maintenance expenses, and ensure smooth performance with minimum human input.
电池储能的价值兑现即将到来
BESS’s Coming to Your Aid
选择电池作为储能有几个好处，首先，通过电池储能对地点没有限制 – 因为您不需要提供巨大的水箱或地下储气罐。由于其可用性和灵活性很高，BESS 可以很好地适应于不同功率和存储容量的应用。此外，现代电池技术倾向于轻量化、成本效益、安全和环保。让我们看一下电池储能系统的应用案例和它可以解决的基本问题。
Choosing batteries for energy storage can be beneficial for several reasons. First off, battery storage ideas have no limits regarding location—you don’t need to provide huge water tanks or underground air reservoirs. Owing to its availability and flexibility, a BESS can fit in well with applications that require varying power and storage capacity levels. Moreover, modern battery technologies tilt toward light weight, cost-efficiency, safety, and environmental friendliness. Let’s consider the use cases of a battery energy storage system and the essential problems it can solve.
负荷管理（能源需求管理）
Load Management (Energy Demand Management)
BESS有助于用电高峰和低峰不同时间之间平衡负荷。电力需求可能会因日期、时间、季节和其他因素而有所不同。需求越高，电力成本越高，反之亦然——在低峰期间，价格会降低。通过在需求低时存储能量并在高峰期间放电，电池储能解决方案使用户能够节省电费（削峰填谷）。
BESSs help balance loads between on-peak and off-peak times. Electricity demands may vary depending on the day, time, season, and other factors. The higher the demand, the higher the electricity cost and vice versa—pricing gets lower during off-peak hours. By accumulating energy when the demand is low and discharging it in peak periods, battery storage solutions enable users to save on electricity tariffs (peak shaving).
能量时移（峰谷套利）
Energy Time-Shift (Arbitrage)
如上所述，电力价格在不同时间波动，既有上涨也有下跌。电池储能系统允许能量时移——在低峰期购买能源，在价格上涨时出售或使用。因此，无论季节和电力需求如何，BESSs都可以均衡能源价格并最小化风险。
As mentioned above, electricity prices fluctuate at different times, having both rises and falls. Battery energy storage systems allow for energy time-shifting—energy is purchased at a low price during off-peak periods and sold or used when the price increases. Thus, irrespective of the season and electricity demand, BESSs can equalize energy prices and minimize risks.
备用电源
Backup Power
在电网故障的情况下，BESS可以提供备用电源，直到电力完全恢复。更大的储能容量和与可再生能源的整合，使BESS能够更长时间的备份能源。通过作为不间断电源（UPS）运行，商业电池储能方案可以消除宕机从而节省时间和金钱。
A BESS can supply backup power in case of an electricity grid failure until complete power restoration. Larger storage capacity and integration with renewable energy sources enable BESSs to back up energy for longer periods. By operating as an uninterruptable power supply (UPS), a commercial battery storage solution can be a time and money saver as it eliminates downtime.
黑启动能力
Black-Start Capability
停电后，通过基于电池储能系统的黑启动能力来恢复电力发电，从而替代发电厂使用的柴油或天然气发电机。电力系统可以在不使用外部电源的情况下重新启动。BESS的快速响应时间有助于在尽可能短的时间内使系统恢复正常运行。
A BESS can replace a diesel or natural gas generator used by power plants to restore power generation after blackouts by leveraging its black-start capabilities. Based on battery storage, power systems can restart after a total shutdown without using external electricity networks. The fast response time of a BESS helps systems recover in the shortest possible time.
频率控制
Frequency Control
电池储能系统可以调节电网频率，确保其值在规定范围内。如果发电量与实际电力需求不符，频率可能会超出或低于其额定值。这些差异可能会导致临时断开电网连接、电源故障或停电。BESS可以立即对电力中断做出反应，提供亚秒级频率转速响应，稳定电网。
Battery storage systems can regulate frequency in the grid, making sure its value lies within the required range. If the amount of generated power disagrees with the actual electricity demand, the frequency can either exceed or fall below its nominal value. Such discrepancies may result in temporary disconnections, power failures, or blackouts. BESSs can immediately react to power interruptions, providing sub-second frequency response, and stabilize the grid.
BESS也可以确保电压稳定性，将其维持在指定范围内。
A BESS can likewise ensure voltage stability, maintaining its level within the specified range.
可再生能源整合
Renewable Energy Integration
将电池储能系统与间歇性可再生能源相结合，为并网、离网和混合系统提供了廉价的持续电力。最近，清洁能源因其经济可行和环保，作为化石燃料的替代品越来越受欢迎。根据国际能源署（IEA）的数据，可再生能源在全球电力生产中的份额从2019年的27%增加到2020年的29%。此外，预计到2040年可再生能源占比将达到45%。政府的补贴和降低税率，使可再生能源-存储解决方案的得到广泛支持和激励。
Integrating battery energy storage systems with intermittent renewable energy sources opens the door to inexpensive electricity continuously available to on-grid, off-grid, and hybrid systems. More recently, clean energy has gained popularity as an economically viable and eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), renewables increased their share in global electricity generation from 27% in 2019 to 29% in 2020. Moreover, it is projected toreach 45% by 2040. The proliferation of renewable energy-enabled storage solutions is extensively supported and incentivized by governments through subsidies and lower tax rates.
图5. 全球电力发电中可再生能源的预计份额，来源：Statista
Figure 5. Projected share of renewables in global electricity generation. Source: Statista
电池储能技术提高了可再生能源的利用效率。这使它们成为各种应用场景可靠的能源来源，包括配备光伏板（PV）的家庭、离网商业设施以及孤岛运行的社区，例如岛屿和偏远农村地区。位于日本六户町的智能电网采用基于钠硫电池的大容量BESS储存太阳能和风能。目前，有92个风力发电设施和3个太阳能电站，总容量为313,350千瓦。
Battery storage technology enhances the efficiency of renewables. It makes them a reliable energy source for a variety of applications, including households with photovoltaics (PVs), off-grid commercial facilities, and isolated communities, such as islands and remote rural areas. Smart grids located in Rokkasho, a village in Japan, store solar and wind energy using a large-capacity BESS based on sodium-sulfur batteries. Currently, there are 92 wind power generation facilities and 3 solar power plants with a total capacity of 313,350 kW.
BESS协助并网和混合式太阳能和风能的系统进行能量时移和需求侧管理。例如，在有风的天气中，系统可以在高峰和低峰时期为家庭提供电力并充电。随后，当电力需求高且可变能源不可用时，可以使用电池储能的电能。这样的系统已经在法罗群岛安装并成功运行。现在，风力发电产生的电力约占该岛能源需求的50%。
A BESS assists grid-tied and hybrid solar and wind systems with energy time-shift and demand-side management. For example, in windy weather, the system can power homes and charge batteries during on-peak and off-peak times respectively. Later, the battery energy storage system wind power can be used when the electricity demand is high and the variable energy resource is unavailable. Such a system has been installed and is running successfully in the Faroe Islands. Now, wind turbines generate power that covers about 50% of the islands’ energy needs.
延后输电和配电投资（T＆D）
Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Deferral
电池储能可以消除建造新的输电和配电系统，或更新现有容量不足，或过时的输电和配电资产的需要。通过储存多余的能量并提供备用容量，BESS可以减轻过载的输电和配电线路负荷，并防止电力传输系统拥堵。
Battery energy storage can eliminate the need to build new transmission and distribution systems or update existing T&D assets that lack capacity or become obsolete. By storing excess energy and providing reserve capacity, a BESS can take the load off overloaded T&D lines and prevent congestion in transmission systems.
微电网
Microgrids
BESS是微电网的重要组成部分，微电网是分布式电力网络，可以连接到公用电网或完全独立。位于偏远地区的独立微电网可以依靠与间歇性可再生能源相结合的电池储能系统。这种解决方案可以实现平稳的发电，并有助于避免与柴油发电机相关的高昂费用和空气污染。
A BESS is an essential part of microgrids—distributed power networks that can be connected to the utility grid or totally independent. Standalone microgrids located in remote regions can rely on battery storage systems integrated with intermittent renewable energy sources. Such solutions enable smooth power generation and help avoid heavy expenses and air pollution associated with diesel generators.
电池储能系统在不同的行业和应用领域得到广泛应用。例如，表前(Front-of-the-Meter, FTM)应用包括在电力系统中的电池储能系统，如市政电源的发电和储能设施以及输电和配电线路。表后(Behind-the-Meter, BTM)应用包括交通领域，包括电动汽车和船舶系统，住宅、工商业的电池储能系统。
BESSs find wide use in different industries and application areas. For example, front-of-the-meter (FTM) applications comprise battery storage systems in electric power systems, such as utility-scale generation and energy storage facilities as well as transmission and distribution lines. Behind-the-meter (BTM) applications embrace transportation, including electric vehicles and marine systems, residential, commercial, and industrial battery storage solutions.
世界上一些大型的电池储能系统包括Alamitos能源中心、Gateway储能系统（美国）、Hornsdale电力储备（澳大利亚）、Minety电池储能项目（英国）、Buzen和Rokkasho电池电厂（日本）、韩国Zinc储能系统（韩国）和昆山储能电站（中国）。
Some of the world’s largest battery energy storage systems are the Alamitos Energy Center, Gateway Energy Storage (US), Hornsdale Power Reserve (Australia), Minety Battery Energy Storage Project (UK), Buzen and Rokkasho battery power plants (Japan), Korea Zinc Energy Storage System (South Korea), and Kunshan Energy Storage Power Station (China).
2020年，美国安装了1,464兆瓦的储能设备，超过了2013年至2019年该国部署的总储存容量。根据Frost＆Sullivan的分析，技术成本的降低和可再生能源的快速普及将推动全球电网电池储存容量从2020年的8.5 GW增长到2030年的134.6 GW。
In 2020, the USinstalled 1,464 MW of energy storage, which exceeds the overall storage capacity deployed in the country from 2013 through 2019. As analyzed by Frost & Sullivan, the decrease in technology cost and rapid spread of renewables will boost the global grid battery storage capacity to 134.6 GW by 2030 from 8.5 GW in 2020.
图6. 表前和表后电池储能的应用
Figure 6. FTM and BTM BESS applications
BESS：买还是不买
BESS: To Buy or Not to Buy
全球能源储存市场提供了许多”现货”的电池储能系统，这些系统在电池化学、规模、功能、用途和价格等方面存在差异。以下是一些主要的BESS市场玩家：
The global energy storage market offers a great choice of off-the-shelf battery energy storage systems. They vary in battery chemistry, scale, functionality, intended use, and price. Here are some of the key BESS market players:
新纪元能源（NextEra Energy） - 这家公司是全球最大的风能和太阳能可再生能源发电商之一。它是电池储能系统的全球领导者之一，也是美国拥有最多储能运营容量的公司。
NextEra Energy - This company is the world’s largest generator of renewable energy from wind and solar. It is one of the global leaders in battery energy storage capacity and number one in the US with the largest amount of operational storage.
ABB - 这家瑞典-瑞士跨国公司生产太阳能应用的电池储能系统。产品范围包括用于家庭、智能交通系统、公用事业和工业应用的基于锂离子电池的模块化解决方案。
ABB - This Swedish-Swiss multinational corporation manufactures battery energy storage systems for solar applications. Their product range includes Li-ion battery-based modular solutions for households, smart transportation systems, utilities, and industrial applications.
比亚迪（中国） - 比亚迪是全球最大的各种可充电电池制造商之一，生产用于各种应用的储能系统。他们的产品线包括大型公用事业BESSs，商业用模块化电池式ESSs和 小型电池存储设备。
BYD (China) - One of the largest manufacturers of all types of rechargeable batteries worldwide, BYD produces energy storage systems for various applications. Their product line comprises large-scale utility BESSs, modular battery-based ESSs for commercial use, and MINI ES products—small-sized battery storage devices.
松下（日本） - 松下推出EverVolt家庭电池存储解决方案，可提供11至120 kWh的储能产品。EverVolt使用松下锂离子电池。
Panasonic (Japan) - Panasonic is the manufacturer of EverVolt home battery storage solutions that can store solar power with 11 to 120 kWh storage options. EverVolt uses Panasonic Li-ion battery cells.
东芝（日本） - 东芝提供SCiB系统 - 中大型锂离子电池储能解决方案。这些系统适用于公共、商业和工业需求。
Toshiba (Japan) - Toshiba offers SCiB systems—medium and large-scale Li-ion battery energy storage solutions. These systems serve public, commercial, and industrial needs.
Fluence - 是西门子（德国）和AES（美国）合资的公司，提供三种电池储能产品：Gridstack（工业应用的电网级储能系统）、Sunstack（光伏储能系统）和Edgestack（商业储能系统）。
Fluence - This is a joint venture between Siemens(Germany) and AES (USA) that offers three battery energy storage products: Gridstack (grid-scale energy storage system for industrial applications), Sunstack (solar energy storage system), and Edgestack (commercial energy storage system).
三星SDI（韩国） - 三星是全球领先的锂离子可充电电池制造商之一。它的电池储能系统从kWh到MWh不等，并在家庭、发电厂、公用事业和商业设施中使用。
Samsung SDI (South Korea) - Samsung is one of the leading global manufacturers of Li-ion rechargeable batteries. Their battery energy storage systems range from kWh to MWh and find use in homes, power plants, utilities, and commercial facilities.
LG 化学（韩国） - LG提供电池解决方案，积累和储存太阳能为家庭供电，而不使用公用事业的电力。LG家用电池RESU系统体积小巧，使用锂离子电池。
LG Chem (South Korea) - LG provides battery solutions that accumulate and store solar energy to power homes without using electricity from utilities. The LG Home Battery RESU systems have a compact size and use lithium-ion batteries.
通用电气（美国） - 制造了广泛的电池储能系统，可用于独立应用和集成混合解决方案应用，基于太阳能、风能和热能。
General Electric (USA) - GE manufactures a broad spectrum of battery energy storage systems that can be used for standalone applications and integrated hybrid solution applications, relying on solar, wind, and thermal power.
日立（日本）- 日立生产用于室内和室外的模块化锂离子电池储能系统。这些系统专为工商业应用而设计，并可与太阳能和风能以及柴油发电机相结合。
Hitachi (Japan) - Hitachi produces modular battery energy storage systems with Li-ion batteries for indoor and outdoor locations. These systems are designed for commercial and industrial applications and can be combined with solar and wind energy sources as well as diesel generators.
特斯拉（美国）- Powerwall和Powerpack是特斯拉制造的两种主要电池储能产品。这两个产品都基于可充电锂离子电池。Powerpack用于工商业应用，而Powerwall可以与光伏集成用于住宅使用。
Tesla (USA) - Powerwall and Powerpack are the two major battery storage products made by Tesla. Both systems are based on rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Powerpack aims at commercial and industrial applications while Powerwall can be integrated with solar energy for residential use.
NEC公司 - 这家跨国日本公司生产20到53英尺不等的电池储储能系统。NEC 电池储能系统基于他们的专有软件平台AEROS®。
NEC Corporation - This multinational Japanese corporation produces battery storage containers ranging from 20 to 53 feet. NEC BESSs are based on their proprietary software platform called AEROS®.
江森自控 - 这是一家美国的集装箱式锂离子电池储能系统制造商。他们的分布式储能系统适用于50 kWh~200 kWh和150 kWh~5,000 kWh的应用。
Johnson Controls - This is a US manufacturer of containerized ESSs based on lithium-ion batteries. Their distributed energy storage systems are designed for applications that supply from 50 kWh to 200 kWh and from 150 kWh to 5,000 kWh.
全球电池储能市场供应充足。随着电池成本降低，现货成套的电池储能系统对消费者来说变得更加经济实惠。根据彭博社的报道，锂离子电池的价格（在电池的储能中占主导地位）在过去的10年里已经下降了90%，从2010年的约1200美元每千瓦时降至2020年的约137美元每千瓦时。彭博社报告称，到2023年，平均锂离子电池价格将跌至每千瓦时100美元。但归根结底，电池价格将取决于项目规模和存储容量——小规模项目的收费会比平均价格更高。
The global battery energy storage market is abundant in offers. As battery costs tend to fall, ready-made BESSs become more affordable to consumers. According toBloomberg, the price for lithium-ion batteries (that prevail in battery-based energy storage) has dropped by 90% in the past 10 years—from about $1,200 in 2010 to around $137 in 2020 per kilowatt-hour. Bloomberg NEF reported that by 2023, the average Li-ion battery price will plummet to $100 per kilowatt-hour. But at the end of the day, the battery price will depend on the project size and storage capacity—small-scale projects will be charged higher than the average price.
图7. 2011年至2030年锂离子电池价格下降。数据来源：Statista
Figure 7. Lithium-ion battery price drop between 2011 and 2030. Source: Statista
除了电池之外，总的电池储能系统成本还包括能源管理系统、BMS、功率转换系统或逆变器和其他组件的成本。使用现成的BESS还可能需要安装、运营、维护和保修等费用。例如，特斯拉的Powerwall可提供13.5 kWh的可用储存容量，其价格可能达到10,500美元，包括光伏板系统和安装成本。松下EverVolt允许存储11.4 kWh至17.1 kWh的能量，其成本将从15,000美元到20,000美元不等，包括光伏板、安装和设置。
Apart from the batteries, the total battery energy storage system cost consists of the cost of an energy management system, a BMS, a power conversion system, or inverter, and other components. Utilizing an out-of-the-box BESS may also entail expenses on installation, operation, maintenance, and warranty. For example, Tesla’s Powerwall provides 13.5 kWhof usable storage capacity, and its price can amount to $10,500, including the solar panel system and installation costs. Panasonic EverVolt allows for storing between 11.4 kWh and 17.1 kWh of energy, which will cost from $15,000 to $20,000 with solar panels, installation, and set up.
选择电池能量储存系统时，除了价格，你还应该考虑以下因素：
系统的完整性以及相关子系统和支持设备的可用性；
电池的化学、安全和其他特性；
硬件组件的质量、可用性和供货连续性；
软件可靠性。
When choosing a battery energy storage system, you should consider plenty of factors other than its cost. They include:
system completeness and availability of related subsystems and supporting equipment;
chemistry, safety, and other characteristics of the battery;
quality, availability, and supply continuity of hardware components;
software reliability.
因此，电池管理系统（BMS）软件在电池储能系统的整体性能中扮演着重要角色，因为它负责充电、放电以及电池安全。
Thus, BMS software plays a significant role in the overall performance of a battery storage system as it is responsible for charging and discharging along with battery safety.
一旦你准备购买”现货” 的电池能量储存系统，请确保你或你的员工具备足够的专业知识和资格，在购买并向你的客户交付之前，需检查整个系统的质量和完整性。
Once you are set to buy an off-the-shelf battery energy storage system, make sure you or your staff have enough expertise and qualifications to check the quality and completeness of the entire system before making a purchase and supplying it to your customer.
建立、维护和支持BESS可能还需要对你的人员进行培训，除非你愿意支付这些服务给BESS供应商。在购买电池储能设备时，请确保制造商提供的保修覆盖系统和组件故障。
Setting up, maintaining, and supporting a BESS may also require personnel training on your side unless you’re ready to pay for these services to the BESS provider. When buying a battery storage device, make sure the manufacturer offers a warranty that covers the repair or replacement of the system and its components in case of failure.
购买现成的BESS肯定可以节省你的时间，特别是如果你需要一个没有特定消费者要求的即插即用解决方案。市场上有丰富的电池能量储存产品，很容易找到可靠的制造商和适合你客户需求的合适选项。
Purchasing an out-of-the-box BESS can definitely save your time, especially if you need a turnkey solution with no specific consumer requirements for the system. With a rich selection of battery energy storage products on the market, there is a high chance of finding a reliable manufacturer and a suitable option that could meet your customers’ needs.
相反，现成的系统可能会有定价不合理的电子产品、质量不佳的预装软件和不必要的功能，这些都会增加成本。它们可能也缺乏最终用户所需的功能，或者无法满足消费者的行业和商业利基需求、运行条件和位置要求。此外，并不是所有的BESS供应商都提供全方位解决方案，从不同制造商购买组件和子系统可能会导致严重的兼容性和互连问题。开发自定义电池储能系统可能会成为值得考虑的替代方案。
Conversely, ready-made systems may have unreasonably priced electronics, pre-installed software of poor quality, and unnecessary features that add to the cost. They may also lack features desired by the end user or fail to satisfy the consumer’s industry and business niche demands or operating conditions and location requirements. In addition, not all BESS suppliers provide all-in-one solutions, and purchasing components and subsystems from different manufacturers can result in serious compatibility and interconnection issues. Developing a custom battery energy storage system can become an alternative that is worth looking at.
建设BESS：优缺点
Building a BESS: Pros and Cons
量身定制BESS可以弥补大多数电池储能系统提供商提供的现成解决方案所缺乏的内容。因此，它们可以满足潜在客户的确切需求。但是，实施定制产品是一项耗时和消耗资源的任务。构建电池储能解决方案属于大规模、长周期的项目，定制可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。
Tailor-made BESSs can make up for what’s lacking in out-of-the-box solutions offered by major battery storage systems providers. So, they can meet the exact needs of your potential consumers. However, implementing a custom product is a time-taking and resource-consuming task. Building a battery energy storage solution belongs to large-scale, long-running projects that can last for months or even years.
BESS是一个复杂的多层次工程系统，因此从零开始开发基于电池的储能解决方案需要对各种领域，包括电池技术、电力电子和嵌入式软件开发有深入的了解。在我们即将发布的文章中，将介绍与开发和实施电池储能系统相关的挑战。
A BESS is a complex, multilayer engineering system, so developing a battery-based storage solution from the ground up requires deep knowledge in various fields, including battery technologies, power electronics, and embedded software development. In our upcoming articles, we’ll cover challenges associated with developing and implementing battery energy storage systems.
选择正确的开发团队就是成功的一半；这就是为什么雇用受过良好培训且具有相关经验的专业人员至关重要。从零开始创建电池储能系统需要电子设计、电气工程、低级固件、高级软件和机械工程方面的专业人员进行复合型设计。
Choosing the right development team is half the battle; that’s why it’s essential to hire well-trained professionals with relevant experience. Creating a battery energy storage system from scratch takes specialists inelectronic design, electrical engineering, low-level firmware, high-level software, and mechanical engineering for enclosure design.
Integra Sources团队可能是您项目的最佳选择。我们为BESS的电池管理、双向功率转换、能源管理和安全系统设计PCB。我们的工程师实施监控和控制软件，并提供在线数据通信以进行远程BESS管理。我们创建可扩展的电池储能解决方案，具有快速响应时间、快速爬坡率和高效电源。与电网或可再生能源集成，我们的BESS可用于负载管理、电源备份、频率和电压调节、能量时移以及许多其他用途。
The Integra Sources team could be the right fit for your project. We design PCBs for battery management, bi-directional power conversion, energy management, and safety systems of a BESS. Our engineers implement monitoring and control software and provide online data communication for remote BESS management. We create scalable battery energy storage solutions with fast response time, quick ramp rate, and high-efficiency power supply. Integrated with either electrical grids or renewables, our BESSs can serve for load management, power backup, frequency and voltage regulation, energy time-shifting, and many other purposes.
制造是制作自己的电池储能产品时必须面对的另一个重要挑战。BESS制造过程涉及多种任务，需要在不同的生产设施中进行。因此，协同是高效BESS制造的关键。
Manufacturing is another important challenge you’ll have to face when making your own battery energy storage product. The BESS manufacturing process involves a diversity of tasks that can be carried out at different production facilities. So, synergy is the key to efficient BESS manufacture.
您还需要负责产品认证。除国际标准如IEC、ISO、IEEE和UL外，BESS很可能还需要满足每个国家的特定国家标准和认证要求。例如，在美国，储能系统还必须符合联邦能源监管委员会（FERC）、能源部（DOE）和一些州级监管机构的规定。
You’ll have to take care of the product certification too. Apart from international standards, such as IEC, ISO, IEEE, and UL, a BESS is highly likely to need to meet specific national standards and certification requirements in each particular country. For example, in the United States, an energy storage system must also conform to the regulations of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the Department of Energy (DOE), and some regulatory agencies at the state level.
图8. BESS必须遵守特定于该地区和行业的国家和国际标准
Figure 8. A BESS must comply with national and international standards specific to the region and industry.
2019年10月，澳大利亚和新西兰制定了AS/NZS 5139:2019- 一项联合标准，旨在为电池储能系统设定一般的安装和安全要求。此外，澳大利亚BESS制造商必须遵守其他许多国家和国际代码和标准。
In October 2019, Australia and New Zealand developed AS/NZS 5139:2019—a joint standard that sets general installation and safety requirements for battery energy storage systems. In addition, Australian BESS manufacturers must comply with a number of other national and international codes and standards.
认证标准也可能取决于BESS的行业和应用领域。例如，DNV提供了一份推荐实践，其中包含用于海洋系统中使用的储能装置的设计、性能、操作、维护和安全的指南。该文件包括对充/放电率、荷电状态（SOC）、健康状态（SOH）、放电深度（DoD）和许多其他系统参数和操作条件的规格说明。
Certification criteria may also depend on the industry and application area of a BESS. For example, DNVprovides a recommended practice that contains guidelines for design, performance, operation, maintenance, and safety for energy storage used in marine systems. The document comprises specifications for charge/discharge rate, SOC, SOH, DoD, and many other system parameters and operating conditions.
从事BESS开发的工程团队必须精通认证要求和适用标准。这有助于减轻系统设计中的风险，并按时、在预算范围内向最终用户提供高质量的产品。
The engineering team engaged in BESS development must be well-versed in the certification requirements and applicable standards. This helps mitigate risks in the system’s design and delivers a high-quality product to your end user on time and within budget.
尽管存在许多挑战，但设计一款定制的BESS可以增强可用性，降低运营成本，并提高系统的可靠性。在深入挖掘市场后，您可以关注客户的需求，考虑”现货”BESS的缺点，并创建炙手可热，倍受欢迎的电池储能解决方案。
Despite the challenges, designing a bespoke BESS can enhance usability, reduce operating costs, and improve the reliability of the system. After drilling down the market, you can heed the customers’ needs, consider the shortcomings of off-the-shelf BESSs, and create highly sought-after battery energy storage solutions.
实现您自己的产品使您独立于任何特定的BESS提供商及其服务。您可以在没有中介的情况下，以快速的方式为客户设置、维护、支持和提供其他服务。
Implementing your own product makes you independent of any particular BESS provider and its services. You can set up, maintain, support, and deliver other services to your customers in a prompt manner and without intermediaries.
结论
Conclusion
BESS是一种多组件能量存储系统，能够存储不同量的电化学能量，并在以后用于各种目的，包括峰值削减、能源获利或黑启动。
A BESS is a multi-component energy storage system able to store varying amounts of electrochemical energy and use it later for a range of purposes—be it peak shaving, energy arbitrage, or a black start.
电池技术的进步使得BESS成为轻便且价格实惠的解决方案，可用于住宅和商业用途，包括智能家居、大型工业设施和公用事业网格。建筑物、村庄、城镇甚至整个岛屿都可以使用与绿色能源集成的电池储存，实现可靠的自给自足电源供应。
The advances in battery technology make a BESS a light and affordable solution for both residential and commercial use, including smart homes, large-scale industrial facilities, and utility grids. Buildings, villages, towns, and even entire islands can employ battery storage integrated with green energy for a reliable, self-sufficient power supply.
BESS制造商提供各种存储容量的丰富选择，适用于任何应用和预算。然而，购买”现货”的系统需要对技术有强烈的认识，而现成的BESS可能不能满足最终用户的特定要求。
BESS manufacturers offer a wealth of options with various storage capacities and for any application and budget. However, purchasing an off-the-shelf system demands strong knowledge of the technology, and a ready-made BESS may not meet the specific requirements of an end user.
尽管设计复杂且项目周期长，定制的BESS可以满足客户的行业需求，解决他们的问题，并降低运营成本。找到合适的开发团队可以帮助您构建一个功能良好的定制解决方案。Integra在电池存储技术方面拥有深厚的专业知识，包括硬件和软件组件。根据客户要求，我们可以计算BESS的性能特征和设计成本，开发电子设备，编写固件，并构建应用程序以管理系统并远程通信。通过选择正确的组件和设计技术，我们将使您的产品具有可靠性、高效性和符合标准。因此，如果您想创建一个电池储能系统或需要专家意见来开发和实施它，请与我们联系。
Despite the design complexity and long project duration, a bespoke BESS can cater to your customer’s industry needs, solve their problems, and cut down on operational costs. Finding the right development team can assist you in building a well-functioning customized solution. Integra has deep expertise in battery storage technologies, including their hardware and software components. Depending on the consumer requirements, we can calculate the performance characteristics and design costs of a BESS, develop electronics, write firmware, and build apps to manage the system and communicate with it remotely. By choosing the right components and design techniques, we’ll make your product reliable, highly efficient, and standards-compliant. So if you’re looking to create a battery energy storage system or need an expert opinion on its development and implementation, reach out to us to get things started.
储 能 今 日 小 课 堂
◆ 储能可靠性 | Energy storage reliability
储能可靠性是指储能系统在长期运行中持续提供稳定性能的能力，包括功率输出、容量保持和系统响应速度等方面。
◆ 储能系统 | Energy storage system
储能系统是指将能量存储起来并在需要时释放的系统，用于平衡能源供需、提供备用能源等功能。
◆ 储能容量 | Energy storage capacity
储能容量是指储能系统能够存储的能量量度，通常以千瓦时（kWh）或兆瓦时（MWh）计量。
