中国储能网讯：在当前储能系统(ESS)时代的初期,需要着重强调市场和监管认可度。行业关注着每一个微小的进步和项目，从单个500KWh系统到华尔街和监管机构仅仅认识到ESS具有可以减缓电网投资和保护电网的独特属性。现在，随着ESS部署的激增,储能正从需要被接受的早期阶段转向需要被持续优化的新阶段。

  In the early days of the modern energy storage system, or ESS, era, there was a heavy emphasis on market and regulatory acceptance. The industry celebrated every advancement and project, from a single 500-kWh system to the mere acknowledgment by Wall Street and regulators that ESS had unique properties that could benefit the electricity grid. Energy storage is now moving from this early stage of needing to be accepted to needing to be optimized as ESS deployments proliferate.

  随着这一转变,反思储能行业在2024年需要克服的挑战，这包括明年储能将集中解决的三个问题。

  With this shift comes reflection upon the challenges the storage industry needs to overcome in 2024. These comprise three issues that will be front and center for energy storage in the coming year.

基于逆变器资源的可用性设定储能系统的容量及可用性（Availability）

Accurately determining availability of inverter-based resources

  与涉及旋转机械的历史发电不同,后者需要花很长时间来调整生产,因为大型涡轮机可以通过减速或加速调整；但是,ESS系统可以立即提供电力。然而,这同样独特的响应性也意味着电力可以立即从电网消失。出于可靠性和市场运作原因,ESS必须开发透明和准确的可用性测量。

  Unlike historical generation involving rotating machinery, which takes a long time to adjust production as massive turbines are slowed or accelerated, ESS systems can instantly provide power. However, this same unique responsiveness also means that power can instantly disappear from the grid. For reliability and market operation reasons, ESS must develop transparent and accurate measures of availability.

  可用性是ESS系统一直在运行的时间百分比。从更广泛的意义上说,必须根据其与电网的连接点(如市场、互联节点或州级)开发ESS队列的可用性测量。这样做将通过为ESS运营提供现实场景来推进电网规划,因为储能占发电资产组合的比重越来越高。

  Availability is the percentage of time that the ESS system has been operating. Viewed more broadly, measures of ESS availability must be developed for ESS fleets in a meaningful way depending on where they connect with the grid, such as at the market, interconnection node, or state level. Doing so will advance grid planning by providing realistic scenarios for ESS operations as storage becomes a higher percentage of the power asset mix.

  然而,ESS也可以运行但不提供全部功率或能量。逆变器故障、弱电池或模块以及不平衡的模块和串联常被报告为ESS储能系统不提供完全标称功率或标称能量的因素。必要的额外指标如“指定可用性”,其中在时间段内的功率输出除以标称输出,可以识别运营问题、维持电网可靠性和执行准确的电力市场运作。

  However, ESS can also be operating but not providing its full power or energy. Issues such as inverter faults, weak cells or modules, and imbalanced modules and strings have been commonly reported as factors in an ESS not providing full nominal power for a contracted or specified time or not providing full nominal energy. Additional metrics such as “specified availability,” where power output divided by nominal output is tracked in time periods, is necessary to identify operational problems, maintain grid reliability and perform accurate electricity market operations.

最大化储能系统质保和保险的细分场景

Maximizing warranty and insurance granularity

  在ESS储能系统开发中,必须尽可能减少资本投资成本的不确定性。减少这种不确定性的两个策略是开发项目特定的质保条件和项目特定的财产和意外保险条件,这些都基于所使用的组件、充放电行为和环境条件。

  The uncertainty of capital costs in ESS development must be minimized wherever possible. Two strategies that contribute to reducing this uncertainty are the development of project-specific warranty terms and project-specific property and casualty insurance terms, based upon the components used, charge and discharge behavior, and environmental conditions.

  目前,大多数关于ESS储能系统系统使用寿命的保修依赖于合同签订的质保协议,或者电池系统运行有多少在通过温度约束、C率、放电深度和静置周期形成的操作窗口内完成。但是,每个ESS储能系统都在特定的环境条件下运行,并采取和当地电力市场机会相关的独特充放电策略。此外,这些条件和配置文件会随时间而改变。基于ESS项目的独特环境、市场和使用因素的动态质保曲线可以通过前期的监测和模拟实现,有助于为项目供应链中的所有利益相关者进行适当的风险考虑。

  Currently, most warranties on ESS systems regarding end of life are dependent upon adherence to warranty-relevant cycles, or how much of an operation of a battery system was done within the window of operation formed through temperature constraints, C-rates, depth of discharge and rest periods. However, each ESS operates under specific environmental conditions and unique charge and discharge profiles related to use cases and/or market opportunities. Moreover, these conditions and profiles can change with time. Dynamic warranty curves that are based on the unique environmental, market and usage factors of an ESS project can be enabled with monitoring, facilitating appropriate risk consideration for all stakeholders in a project’s supply chain.

  目前,ESS安装的财产和意外保险是在技术类别、安装实践和环境的基础上统一构建的。这种做法类似于提供汽车保险产品而不考虑司机、位置以及汽车的成本和设备属性。随着ESS行业的继续成熟,更细致地考虑风险,包括所使用电池类型、已有安全保护措施、物理位置背景、运营程序和可用应急响应资产等因素,将引导保险经纪人提供更具竞争力的保险产品,项目开发商和集成商也可以更准确地确定风险。

  Property and casualty insurance for ESS installations is currently structured uniformly across technology classes, installation practices and environments. This practice is analogous to offering one insurance product for cars without considering the driver, the location and the cost and equipment attributes of the vehicle. As the ESS industry continues to mature, more granular consideration of risk including the factors of battery type used, safety protections in place, physical location context, operational procedures and available emergency response assets, will lead to more competitive insurance products from brokers and more accurate determinations of risk from project developers and integrators.

增加储能系统真实并可感知的安全性

Increasing real and perceived safety

  在电池ESS中,热失控事件源自直流储能区,但可归因于电池或模块本身、温控系统(例如逆变器、空调、机柜等)、通信和控制系统,或者外部因素(例如环境条件、物理影响等)。除了特定组件或问题位置之外,每起事故都是由设计、制造、运营或集成和施工过程中的一个或多个根本原因造成的。近年来在推进ESS及其组件的设计和制造标准的法规和标准方面取得了巨大进展。然而,行业也应更多关注ESS运营安全以及集成和施工。

  In battery ESS, thermal runaway incidents emanate from the DC storage block, but can be attributed to the cells or modules themselves, the balance of plant systems (e.g., inverter, HVAC, enclosure, etc.), the communications and control systems, or external factors (e.g., environmental conditions, physical impact, etc.). In addition to a component-specific or location of problem, each incident is due to one or more root causes in the processes of design, manufacture, operation, or integration and construction. Tremendous progress has been made in recent years to advance codes and standards, which govern large portions of design and manufacturing standards of ESS and ESS components. However, more attention should be given to ESS operational safety, as well as integration and construction.

  运营实践和建设中常见的问题经常导致直流储能区出现预警信号。从项目调试到产品报废的持续监测是检测这些信号的关键。除了解决ESS的固有安全性,还必须向管辖机构、应急响应人员、监管机构和公众传达电池系统的更多认识,以减少恐惧、不确定性和怀疑。

  Problematic behavior as a result of operational practices and construction frequently leads to the DC storage block exhibiting early warning signs. Continuous monitoring from commissioning through end-of-life is one key to detecting these signals. In addition to addressing the intrinsic safety of ESS, greater awareness of what battery systems are and how they operate must be conveyed to authorities having jurisdiction, emergency responders, regulators and the general public to reduce fear, uncertainty and doubt.

  ESS的重要性值得重新审视。电网是少数几个没有存储功能的供应链之一。在储能之前,电力需要在生成的同时被消耗。有了ESS储能系统,负载和发电可以一定程度解耦,从而更好地利用可再生资源,并通过频率响应等辅助服务提供技术和市场功能带来额外收益。迄今为止,从技术和经济角度看,试验、试点项目和最终的部署已经使我们达到了行业普遍采用ESS的地步。

  It is worth revisiting the importance of ESS. Electric grids are one of the few supply chains that do not have a warehousing function. Prior to energy storage, electricity needed to be consumed at the same time it was generated. With ESS, load and generation can be decoupled, leading to greater utilization of renewable resources with the additional benefits of providing technical and market functions through ancillary services like frequency response. The experimentation, then pilot projects, and finally fleet deployments to date have brought us to the point of common adoption of ESS from a technological and economic perspective.

  ESS已经被接受并进入主流。当我们进入2024年并展望未来时,可以通过关注可用性的透明度、风险的细致考量以及运营、建设和集成安全性的改进来最小化ESS项目开发的变更优化并加速部署。

  ESS has been accepted and is now mainstream. As we enter 2024 and look beyond, friction in ESS project development can be minimized and deployment can be accelerated through focus on transparency in availability, granular consideration of risk, and operational and construction and integration safety improvements.