先来看一下美国区域电网图。

接下来了解一下PJM。

PJM（Pennsylvania—New Jersey—Maryland)，即“宾夕法尼亚—新泽西—马里兰州”。

PJMINT.，L.L.C.(以下简称为PJM)是经美国联邦能源管制委员会(FERC)批准，于1997的3月31日成立的一个非股份制有限责任公司，它实际上是一个独立系统运营商(ISO)。

1997年4月1日，该区域输电网正式开放，PJM开始运营美国第一个基于投标方式的区域电力市场。

PJM目前负责美国13个州以及哥伦比亚特区电力系统的运行与管理。作为区域性ISO，PJM负责集中调度美国目前最大、最复杂的电力控制区，其规模在世界上处于第三位。PJM控制区人口占全美总人口的8.7%（约2300万人），负荷占7.5%，装机容量占8%(约58698MW)，输电线路长达12800多公里。

RTO-Regional Transmission Organization（RTO区域输电组织）

13个州 ﹢ 一个特区：→→→

特拉华，伊利诺斯，印第安娜，肯塔基，密歇根，新泽西，马里兰州，北卡罗来纳州，俄亥俄州，宾夕法尼亚，田纳西州，弗吉尼亚州的部分电力批发运动，西弗吉尼亚州和哥伦比亚特区。

PJM服务区域地图

PJM配电区域分布图

PJM会员

932 PJMMembers

10 Ex-officio

Total =942

• Zongyi Solar America Co., Ltd.

• Generation Owner

• Voting Member

PJM运营竞争的电力批发市场和管理的高压电网

服务人口超过 61，000，000人。

装机容量：185，000，000，000W。

高峰容量：165，492，000，000W。

传输线：62，556英里。

能量传送：793，679，000，000度。

900多家发电，配送，能源销售公司。

PJM高压电网图

接下来以新泽西为例，先来看一下“新泽西配电网公司分布图”

新泽西第三方供电公司买电过程

•   在新泽西的任何电或天然气客户有权向第三方供应商买电。

•   电力公用事业委员会授权给第三方供货商卖电。

•   打电话给名单上的几个供应商，您可以比较他们的提供。提供你的公司最近的帐单历史，让供应商知道你使用多少能量和使用模式是什么。

买电的三种选择

•  固定：在这选项，客户支付约定的价格设定，能源供应在合同期限。固定价格合同可以帮助客户如果在未来能源成本上升省钱。相反，如果能源成本下降，客户可能会为此付出更多的固定价格。

•  浮动：也称可变定价，此选项允许客户的价格上涨或下跌的基础上每月为它跟踪电力。一般来说，客户的价格是批发价的一个百分比，无论在哪个方向移动的批发价格。

•  混合：这个选项是一个组合的固定和浮动选项。在某些情况下，客户支付的固定价格合同期的一部分，和一个浮动价格的剩余时间。在其他情况下，一个固定的价格，将适用于一部分客户的供应和价格有浮动，将适用于其他。

合同样本

居民账单是这个样子的

工业账单

最后看一下美国都有哪些电网公司和电力公司？

【附：美国电网公司名单】

List of US electric companies by state

Alabama
· AECO (Alabama Electric Company)
·Alabama Power, a part of the Southern Company
·PowerSouth EnergyCooperative, Inc.
·Tennessee Valley Authority, Wiregrass Electric Cooperative

Alaska
·Alaska Villages Electric Cooperative
·Chugach ElectricAssociation
· Copper Valley ElectricAssociation
·Golden Valley ElectricAssociation
·Kodiak ElectricAssociation
·Municipal Light &Power

Arizona
·Arizona Public Service
·Salt River Project
·Tucson Electric Power
·UniSource Energy Services

Arkansas
·Ellipsis

California
·Alameda Municipal Power
·Anaheim Public utilities
·Azusa Light & Water
·City of Palo Alto Utilities
·California Public Utilities Commission
·Bear Valley Electric
·Burbank Water & Power
·Colton Public Utilities
·Glendale Public Service Department
·Gridley Municipal Utilities
·Healdsburg Municipal Electric Department
·City & County of San Francisco
·Imperial Irrigation District
·Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
·Mountain Utilities
·Pacific Gas & Electric
·PacifiCorp
·Pasadena Water & Power
·Riverside PublicUtilities
·Sacramento Municipal Utility District
·Silicon Valley Power
·San Diego Gas & Electric
·Sierra-Pacific Power
·Southern California Edison
·Southern California Public Power Authority
·Surprise Valley Power
·Vernon Light & Power
·Valley Electric Association

Colorado
·Colorado SpringsUtilities
·Gunnison CountyElectric Association [GCEA]
·Holy Cross Energy
·Intermountain Rural Electric Association [IREA]
·La Plata ElectricAssociation [LPEA]
·Mountain ParksElectric Inc [MPEI]
·Sangre De Cristo Electric Association [SDCEA]
·San Isabel ElectricAssociation [SIEA]
·Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association Inc [TSGTA]
·United Power Inc
·Xcel Energy

Connecticut
·Ambit Energy
·Direct Energy
·Northeast Utilities (Connecticut Light & Power)
·Norwich Public Utilities
·United Illuminating
·Wallingford Electric

Delaware
·Ambit Energy
·Calpine
·Delmarva Power (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings, Inc.)
·City of Milford Electric Department
·Delaware Electric Cooperative, NRG Energy

District of Columbia
·Ambit Energy
·PEPCO

Florida
·Florida Power & Light
·Florida Municipal Power Agency
·Florida Public UtilityCompany Palm Beach
·Gainesville Regional Utilities
·Gulf Power, a part of the Southern Company,
·JEA
·Kissimmee Utility Authority
·Lakeland Electric
·Lake Worth Utilities
·LCEC
·Ocala Electric
·Orlando Utilities Commission
·Duke Energy
·City of Tallahassee utilities
·TECO
·Fort Pierce Utilities Authority (Fort Pierce, Florida)

Georgia
·Georgia Natural Gas
·Scana Energy
·Flint Energies
·Georgia Power, a part of the Southern Company
·Tennessee Valley Authority
·Oglethorpe Power Corporation

Hawaii
·Hawaiian Electric Industries (Hawaiian Electric Company (HELCO))
·Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC)

Idaho
·Avista Utilities
·IDACORP (Idaho Power)
·Clearwater Power
·PacifiCorp (Rocky Mountain Power)
·Kootenai Electric Cooperative
·Northern Lights

Illinois
·Ambit Energy
·Ameren
·Batavia MunicipalElectric
·Champion Energy
·ComEd
·Direct Energy
·Springfield City Water, Light & Power
·Corn Belt Energy

Indiana
·American Electric Power
·Duke Energy
·Indianapolis Power & Light
·Northern IndianaPublic Service Company

Iowa
·Interstate Power and Light Company (a part of Alliant Energy)
·MidAmerican Energy

Kansas
·Kansas City Board ofPublic Utilities
·Kansas City Power & Light
·Westar Energy

Kentucky
·American Electric Power
·Big Rivers Electric Corporation
·Duke Energy
·Henderson MunicipalPower and Light
·Kentucky Utilities
·Louisville Gas & Electric
·Owensboro MunicipalUtilities
·Tennessee Valley Authority

Louisiana
·CLECO
·Entergy
·SWEPCO (a subsidiary of American Electric Power)

Maine
·Emera (Bangor Hydro)
·Iberdrola USA (Central Maine Power)

Maryland
·Allegheny Power
·Ambit Energy
·Baltimore Gas & Electric
·Choptank Electric Cooperative
·Champion Energy
·Direct Energy
·Pepco Holdings (PEPCO, Delmarva Power)
·Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative

Massachusetts
·Ambit Energy
·Chicopee Electric Light
·Direct Energy
·Holyoke Gas and Electric
·Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company (MMWEC)
·Northeast Utilities (NSTAR, Western Massachusetts ElectricCompany/WMECO)
·National Grid (Nantucket Electric; Massachusetts Electric)
·Peabody Municipal Light Plant
·South Hadley Electric Light
·Westfield Gas & Electric

Michigan
·American Electric Power
·Consumers Energy
·DTE Energy (Detroit Edison)
·Xcel Energy
·Holland Board of Public Works
·Lansing Board of Water & Light
·Upper Peninsula Power Company
·We Energies
·Wyandotte Municipal Services

Mississippi
·Entergy MS
·Mississippi Power Company, a Southern Company
·South Mississippi Electric Power Association (and its 11 membercooperatives)
·Tennessee Valley Authority

Minnesota
·Alliant Energy
·Basin Electric Power Cooperative
·East River ElectricPower Co-op
·Great River Energy (and its 28 member cooperatives)
·Hutchinson UtilitiesCommission
·ITC Midwest
·L&O Power Co-op
·Minnesota Power
·Marshall MunicipalUtilities,municipal joint action (power supply) agencies including Missouri River EnergyServices
·Minnkota Power Cooperative (and its 11 member cooperatives)
·Otter Tail Power Company
·People’s Co-op
·Tri-County Electric, 125 municipally-owned electric utilitiesincluding Rochester Public Utilities
·Xcel Energy

Missouri
·Ameren
·Empire District Electric Company
·Independence Power andLight
·Kansas City Power & Light
·New-Mac Electric
·City Utilities of Springfield

Montana
·Big Flat Electric Cooperative
·Central MontanaElectric Power Cooperative
·Hill County Electric Cooperative
·MDU
·Montana ElectricCooperatives' Association
·Northwestern Energy

Nebraska
·Nebraska Public Power District
·Omaha Public Power District

Nevada
·NV Energy (Nevada Power
·Sierra Pacific Power)

New Hampshire
·Ambit Energy
·Northeast Utilities (including Public Service of NH)
·National Grid (including Granite State Electric)
·Unitil Corporation

New Jersey
·Ambit Energy
·Atlantic City Electric (A subsidiary of Pepco)
·Champion Energy
·Direct Energy
·FirstEnergy (Jersey Central Power and Light Company),
·Public ServiceElectric and Gas Company (PSE&G),
· Rockland Electric (A subsidiary of Orange and Rockland, which isa subsidiary of Consolidated Edison),
·Sussex Rural Electric Cooperative
·Vineland Municipal Electric Utility

New Mexico
·Farmington Electric Utility System
·Public Service Company of New Mexico

New York
·Ambit Energy
·CH Energy Group (formerly Central Hudson Gas & Electric)
·Consolidated Edison
·Citizens Choice Energy Jamestown BPU
·Direct Energy
·Green Island PowerAuthority
·Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)
·Champion Energy
·National Grid (Niagara Mohawk)
·New York Power Authority (NYPA)
·Iberdrola USA (New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG);Rochester Gas & Electric)
·PSEG Long Island

North Carolina
·Dominion Resources (North Carolina Power)
·Duke Energy
·ElectriCities
·North CarolinaElectric Membership Corp.
·XOOM Energy

North Dakota
·Basin Electric Power Cooperative
·Central Power Electric Cooperative
·MDU
·Minnkota Power Cooperative
·Otter Tail Power Company
·Upper Missouri G&TCooperative
·Xcel Energy

Ohio
·American Electric Power
·Consolidated ElectricCooperative
·Dayton Power & Light
·Direct Energy
·Duke Energy
·FirstEnergy (Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, OhioEdison, Toledo Edison)
·South Central PowerCompany

Oklahoma
·Oklahoma Gas & Electric
·Public Service Company of Oklahoma (part of American Electric Power)

Oregon
·Ashland Electric
·Avista Utilities
·Canby Electric
·Columbia River PublicUtility District
·Emerald Public Utility District
·IDACORP (Idaho Power)
·Eugene Water & Electric Board
·PacifiCorp (Pacific Power)
·Portland General Electric
·Salem Electric
·Tillamook Public Utility District
·Wasco Electric
·West Oregon ElectricCooperative
·Umatilla Electric Company Hermiston EnergyServices

Pennsylvania
·Allegheny Power
·Ambit Energy
·Champion Energy
·Citizens Electric ofLewisburg
·Direct Energy
·Duquesne Light
·FirstEnergy (Penn Power, Met-Ed, Penelec)
·PECO
·PPL
·Pike County Light& Power Company
·Rural Valley Electric Co.
·UGI Utilities, Inc.
·Wellsboro ElectricCompany

Puerto Rico
·Autoridad de Energía Electrica
·EcoEléctrica

Rhode Island
·Ambit Energy
·National Grid (Narragansett Electric)

South Carolina
·Berkeley ElectricCooperative
·Central Electric PowerCooperative, Inc.
·Duke Energy
·Horry ElectricCooperative, Inc
·Santee Cooper
·South Carolina Electric & Gas Company

South Dakota
·Black Hills Power
·East River ElectricCooperative
·Montana-Dakota Utilities
·MidAmerican Energy
·Northwestern Energy
·Otter Tail Power Company
·Rushmore ElectricCooperative
·Xcel Energy

Tennessee
·Kingsport Power(Appalachian Power)
·Citizens Utilities Board
·Electric Power Board
·Jackson Energy Authority
·Knoxville Utilities Board
·Lenoir City UtilitiesBoard
·Memphis Light, Gas and Water
·Nashville Electric Service
·Tennessee Valley Authority

Texas
·American ElectricPower
·Ambit Energy
·Austin Energy
·Conservice Energy
·CPS Energy
·CenterPoint Energy
·dPi Energy
·Direct Energy
·Electric DatabasePublishing
·Champion Energy
·Coserv Electric
·Denton Municipal Electric
·Entergy
·First Texas EnergyCorporation
·Garland Power and Light
·GDF SUEZ Energy Resources
·Lower Colorado River Authority
·Luminant
·Reliant Energy
·Texas Electric ServiceCompany
·Think Energy
·Magic Valley
·Oncor Electric (Formerly TXU)
·Stream Energy

Utah
·Intermountain Power Agency
·PacifiCorp (Rocky Mountain Power)

Vermont
·Central Vermont Public Service Corp.
·Green Mountain Power

Virginia
·Allegheny Power
·Appalachian Power
·Danville Utilities
·Delmarva Power (subsidiary of Pepco Holdings)
·Dominion Virginia Power
·NOVEC
·Power Systems Electric
·Rappahannock ElectricCooperative
·Virginia Tech Electric

Washington
·Avista Utilities
·Benton Public UtilityDistrict
·Chelan County Public Utility District
·Cowlitz County PublicUtility District
·Douglas County Public Utility District
·Grant County Public Utility District
·Klickitat PublicUtility District
·Mason County PublicUtility District 3
·PacifiCorp (Pacific Power)
·Puget Sound Energy
·Seattle City Light
·Snohomish County Public Utility District (PUD)
·Tacoma Power

West Virginia
·Allegheny Energy
·Appalachian Power
·Wheeling Electric Power (AEP Ohio)

Wisconsin
·Dairyland Power Co-op
·We Energies
·Wisconsin Public Service Corporation
·Wisconsin Power and Light Company (a part of Alliant Energy)
·Madison Gas and Electric
·Xcel Energy

Wyoming
·Cheyenne Light, Fuel & Power
·High Plains Power
·Lower Valley Energy
·PacifiCorp (Rocky Mountain Power)
·High West Energy

【附：美国电力公司名单】

A
•     AccionaEnergy
•     AESCorporation
•     AlabamaPower
•     AlcoaPower Generating Inc.
•     AlleghenyEnergy
•     AlliantEnergy
•     AlpenaPower Company
•     AltaRockEnergy
•     AlternativeEarth Resources
•     AmbitEnergy
•     Ameren
•     AmericanElectric Power
•     AmericanLight and Traction
•     AmigoEnergy
•     Aquila,Inc.
•     ArizonaPublic Service
•     Astonfield
•     AtlanticPower Corporation
•     Avista

B
•     BaltimoreGas and Electric
•     BearValley Electric
•     BeltramiElectric Cooperative
•     BlackHills Corporation
•     BlackHills Power

C
•     Calpine
•     CapitalElectric Cooperative
•     CarolinaPower & Light
•     CassCounty Electric Cooperative
•     CavalierRural Electric Cooperative
•     CenterPointEnergy
•     CentralIllinois Public Service Company
•     CentralWest Public Service Corporation
•     Chattanoogaand Tennessee Electric Power Company
•     ChoptankElectric Cooperative
•     Cinergy
•     CirroEnergy
•     CLECO
•     CMSEnergy
•     CobbElectric Membership Corporation
•     Columbus,Delaware and Marion Railway
•     CommerceEnergy
•     CommonwealthEdison
•     ConsolidatedEdison
•     ConstellationEnergy
•     ConsumersEnergy
•     CovantaEnergy

D
•     DakotaValley Electric Cooperative
•     DirectEnergy
•     DominionResources
•     DPLInc.
•     DQE
•     DTEEnergy
•     DTEEnergy Electric Company
•     DukeEnergy
•     Dynegy

E
•     EasyEnergy of Massachusetts
•     EdisonInternational
•     EdisonMission Energy
•     EdisonSault Electric Company
•     ElPaso Electric
•     ElPaso Power Company
•     EmergenceBioEnergy
•     Emissions& Generation Resource Integrated Database
•     EmpireDistrict Electric Company
•     EnergyFuture Holdings
•     Entergy
•     EntergyNew Orleans
•     EPB
•     EugeneWater & Electric Board
•     EvergreenSolar
•     Exelon

F
•     FederalColumbia River Power System
•     FirstEnergy
•     FloridaPower & Light

G
•     GDFSuez Energy Resources NA
•     GenOnEnergy Holdings
•     GeorgiaPower
•     GexaEnergy
•     GlendaleWater and Power Department
•     GrandRiver Dam Authority
•     GraniteState Electric Company
•     GreatPlains Energy
•     GreenMountain Energy
•     GulfPower Company
•     GulfStates Utilities

H
•     HawaiianElectric Industries

I
•     IberdrolaUSA
•     IdahoPower
•     IndianapolisPower & Light
•     IntegrysEnergy Group
•     IntermountainPower Agency

K
•     KansasCity Power and Light Company
•     KEMElectric Cooperative
•     KentuckyUtilities
•     KeySpan
•     KinderMorgan Energy Partners

L
•     LG&Eand KU Energy
•     LongIsland Lighting Company
•     LouisvilleGas & Electric
•     Luminant

M
•     MadisonGas and Electric
•     MainstreamEnergy Corporation
•     McKenzieElectric Cooperative
•     McLeanElectric Cooperative
•     MDUResources
•     MGEEnergy
•     MidAmericanEnergy Company
•     MississippiPower
•     MontanaPower Company
•     Mor-Gran-SouElectric Cooperative
•     MXenergy

N
•     NaturalCurrents Energy Services
•     NevadaPower Company
•     NextEraEnergy
•     NodakElectric Cooperative
•     NorthAmerican Power
•     NorthCentral Electric Cooperative
•     NortheastUtilities
•     NorthernPlains Electric Cooperative
•     NorthernStates Power Company
•     NorthWesternCorporation
•     NRGEnergy
•     NSTAR
•     NuclearManagement Company

O
•     O'BrienCogeneration Inc.
•     OceanaEnergy
•     OhioValley Electric Corporation
•     OklahomaGas & Electric
•     OldDominion Power
•     Oliver-MercerElectric Cooperative
•     OtterTail Corporation

P
•     PacificGas and Electric Company
•     PacifiCorp
•     PalmettoElectric
•     PandaEnergy International
•     PECOEnergy Company
•     Pepco
•     PepcoHoldings
•     PNMResources
•     PortlandGeneral Electric
•     PortlandRailway, Light and Power Company
•     PPL(utility)
•     PrismaEnergy International
•     ProgressEnergy Inc
•     PublicService Enterprise Group
•     PugetSound Energy

Q
•     Qualitrol

R
•     ReedyCreek Energy Services
•     RichlandElectric Cooperative
•     RiverstoneHoldings
•     GenOnEnergy

S
•     SanDiego Gas & Electric
•     SCANA
•     SierraPacific Power Company
•     SimplePower
•     SouthernCalifornia Edison
•     SouthernCompany
•     SouthernMaryland Electric Cooperative
•     StarTexPower
•     StreamEnergy
•     SummitPower
•     SunEdisonLLC

T
•     Tapoco
•     TECOEnergy
•     TennesseeValley Authority
•     TeslaElectric Light & Manufacturing
•     TexasGenco
•     TucsonElectric Power

U
•     U.S.Gas and Electric Inc.
•     UGICorporation
•     UnionElectric Company
•     TheUnited Illuminating Company
•     UNSEnergy
•     UpperPeninsula Power Company

V
•     Vectren
•     VerdantPower
•     VerendryeElectric Cooperative

W
•     WestarEnergy
•     WilliamsCompanies
•     WisconsinEnergy Corporation
•     WisconsinPublic Service Corporation

X
•     XcelEnergy

（图文根据张漪潮先生在第四届现代能源发展论坛：能源市场化改革新局上的发言内容整理而成）